Petroleum Industry Act 2021 and Development of Green Economy in Niger-Delta Nigeria

Abstract

This study examines the role of the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) 2021 in development of a green economy in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. It situates the PIA within the broader relationship between law and development, emphasizing how legal frameworks regulate human and corporate behavior to achieve sustainable outcomes. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines doctrinal and non-doctrinal research, the study draws on statutes, case law, policy reports, and socio-economic data to provide a comprehensive analysis. Anchored in the Theory of Regulatory Compliance, the research highlights how enforcement mechanisms, community participation, and fairness considerations shape the effectiveness of the PIA. Key provisions such as the prohibition of gas flaring, establishment of Host Community Development Trusts, and requirements for environmental impact assessments are assessed for their potential to foster sustainability, inclusiveness, and environmental protection. The study finds that while the PIA introduces significant reforms aimed at accountability, host community development, and ecological preservation, challenges persist in terms of political interference, weak enforcement, and limited gender inclusion. It concludes that effective implementation, transparency, and strict compliance with regulatory provisions are crucial for the PIA to contribute meaningfully to sustainable development and a green economy in the Niger Delta.