Emerging Electrical Engineering Technologies for the Energy Transition: A Taxonomy of Material Constraints and SDG Roadmap to 2030
Main Article Content
Abstract
The transition to sustainable electrical engineering requires an understanding of technologies, their resource demands and their contributions to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Wide bandgap power electronics, solid-state transformers, artificial intelligence-enabled grid management and renewable-energy conversion are changing electricity systems, but their deployment remains exposed to material shortages, supply-chain concentration and major interoperability barriers. This review develops a taxonomy that classifies emerging technologies by functional role, technological readiness, environmental footprint, scalability and material criticality. It then examines dependencies involving rare-earth elements, lithium, cobalt, copper and semiconductor substrates to reveal trade-offs that are often missed in technology-centred assessments. A sustainability framework connects technical performance with lifecycle impacts, supply risk, circularity and SDG alignment. The resulting roadmap identifies 2030 trajectories under conservative, baseline and accelerated policy scenarios. The analysis shows that efficiency and technological maturity alone cannot ensure sustainable deployment when reliability, material security, recycling capacity and social equity are overlooked. The review therefore proposes coordinated research priorities, industrial strategies and policy actions to support a resilient, low-carbon and equitable energy transition by 2030.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
A. M. Minas et al., “Advancing Sustainable Development Goals through energy access: Lessons from the Global South,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 199, Art. no. 114457, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114457.
A. Al-Kuwari, M. Kucukvar, N. C. Onat, H. Al-Yafei, and T. Al-Ansari, “Life cycle sustainability assessment of electricity production technologies: A structured review and future research perspectives,” Energy Strategy Rev., vol. 62, Art. no. 101939, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2025.101939.
F. Fuso Nerini et al., “Mapping synergies and trade-offs between energy and the Sustainable Development Goals,” Nat. Energy, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 10–15, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41560-017-0036-5.
P. Pradhan, L. Costa, D. Rybski, W. Lucht, and J. P. Kropp, “A systematic study of Sustainable Development Goal interactions,” Earth’s Future, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 1169–1179, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1002/2017EF000632.
J. D. Sachs et al., “Six transformations to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals,” Nat. Sustain., vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 805–814, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9.
C. Sefa-Nyarko, “Ghana’s National Energy Transition Framework: Domestic aspirations and mistrust in international relations complicate justice and equity,” Energy Res. Soc. Sci., vol. 110, Art. no. 103465, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103465.
M. J. B. Kabeyi and O. A. Olanrewaju, “Sustainable energy transition for renewable and low carbon grid electricity generation and supply,” Front. Energy Res., vol. 9, Art. no. 743114, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.743114.
R. Rosso, X. Wang, M. Liserre, X. Lu, and S. Engelken, “Grid-forming converters: Control approaches, grid-synchronization, and future trends: A review,” IEEE Open J. Ind. Appl., vol. 2, pp. 93–109, 2021, doi: 10.1109/OJIA.2021.3074028.
F. Neumann and T. Brown, “The near-optimal feasible space of a renewable power system model,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 190, Art. no. 106690, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106690.
D. F. de Souza, P. P. F. da Silva, I. L. Sauer, A. T. de Almeida, and H. Tatizawa, “Life cycle assessment of electric motors: A systematic literature review,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 456, Art. no. 142366, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142366.
H. Cui et al., “Technoeconomic analysis of high-value, crystalline silicon photovoltaic module recycling processes,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 238, Art. no. 111592, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2022.111592.
T. Li, Q. Xu, K. Gao, Z. Yuan, J. Chen, and C. Li, “Review of insulation defect detection methods for a gas-insulated switchgear,” Energies, vol. 19, no. 6, Art. no. 1491, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.3390/en19061491.
M. Bertolini, P. Duttilo, and F. Lisi, “Accounting carbon emissions from electricity generation: A review and comparison of emission factor-based methods,” Appl. Energy, vol. 392, Art. no. 125992, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125992.
B. Kroposki et al., “Achieving a 100% renewable grid: Operating electric power systems with extremely high levels of variable renewable energy,” IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 61–73, Mar./Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1109/MPE.2016.2637122.
A. Belsky, D. Glukhanich, T. Sutikno and M. H. Jopri, “Estimation of hourly solar irradiation on tilted surfaces,” Bull. Electr. Eng. Inform., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 3202–3214, 2023, doi: 10.11591/eei.v12i6.6513.
S. Liu, G. Dong, T. Mishima, and C.-M. Lai, “Over 98% efficiency SiC-MOSFET based four-phase interleaved bidirectional DC–DC converter featuring wide-range voltage ratio,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 8436–8455, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2024.3389052.
R. N. Tripathi, “Dead-time evaluation with switching frequency for GaN-based non-inverting buck–boost DC–DC converter using FPGA-based high-frequency control,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 496–504, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2023.3344458.
V. Z. Lazarevic and M. Vasic, “High-frequency GaN-based ANPC three-level converter as a low-noise arbitrary PWL voltage generator,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 5997–6008, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2022.3161421.
V. Pandey, K. Ghosh, and K. Hatua, “A frequency dithering technique to attenuate conducted electromagnetic emission of SiC MOSFET-based DC–DC converter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 15242–15258, Sep. 2026, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2026.3685809.
Y. Wang, Y. Xiong, Z. Wang, and W. Lu, “Characterization of space charge accumulations in alternative gas-to-liquid oil-immersed paper insulation under polarity reversal voltage scenarios,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 12, Art. no. 3152, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.3390/en18123152.
H. Wang and F. Blaabjerg, “Power electronics reliability: State of the art and outlook,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 6476–6493, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3037161.
S. Rajendran and A. Q. Huang, “Design, analysis, and implementation of a 500-kVA hybrid solid-state transformer,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 5734–5748, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2025.3593320.
A. F. N. Azam, A. Jidin, N. A. Ngatiman, M. H. Jopri, M. Manap, A. L. Herlino and N. F. Alias, “Current control of BLDC drives for EV application,” in Proc. IEEE 7th Int. Power Eng. Optim. Conf. (PEOCO), 2013, pp. 411–416, doi: 10.1109/PEOCO.2013.6564583.
L. Zheng et al., “Solid-state transformer and hybrid transformer with integrated energy storage in active distribution grids: Technical and economic comparison, dispatch, and control,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 3771–3787, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2022.3144361.
A. T. de Almeida, F. J. T. E. Ferreira, and J. Fong, “Perspectives on electric motor market transformation for a net zero carbon economy,” Energies, vol. 16, no. 3, Art. no. 1248, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/en16031248.
F. Li and J. Ma, “Stability studies of grid-forming and grid-following inverter penetrated systems with different external power system models,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 2580–2591, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3407110.
L. R. L. V. Raj, A. Jidin, C. W. M. F. C. Wan, M. Zalani, K. A. Karim, W. Y. Goh and M. H. Jopri, “Improved performance of DTC of five-phase induction machines,” in Proc. IEEE 7th Int. Power Eng. Optim. Conf. (PEOCO), 2013, pp. 613–618, doi: 10.1109/PEOCO.2013.6564621.
E. Zhao et al., “Impedance characteristics investigation and oscillation stability analysis for two-stage PV inverter under weak grid condition,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 209, Art. no. 108053, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108053.
M. H. Jopri, A. R. Abdullah, M. Manap, M. F. Habban and T. Sutikno, “An accurate classification method of harmonic signals in power distribution system by utilising S-transform,” TELKOMNIKA (Telecommun. Comput. Electron. Control), vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 62–70, 2017, doi: 10.12928/telkomnika.v15i1.3119.
M. O. Qays, I. Ahmad, D. Habibi, and M. A. S. Masoum, “Forecasting data-driven system strength level for inverter-based resources-integrated weak grid systems using multi-objective machine learning algorithms,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 238, Art. no. 111112, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111112.
F. Ma, H. Xin, D. Wu, Y. Liu, and X. Chen, “Assessing small-signal grid strength of 100% inverter-based power systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 2784–2796, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3432582.
H. Xin, C. Liu, X. Chen, Y. Wang, E. Prieto-Araujo, and L. Huang, “How many grid-forming converters do we need? A perspective from small signal stability and power grid strength,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 623–635, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2024.3393877.
F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, and A. V. Timbus, “Overview of control and grid synchronization for distributed power generation systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1398–1409, Oct. 2006, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2006.881997.
P. Wegierek, D. Kostyla, and M. Lech, “Directions of development of diagnostic methods of vacuum medium-voltage switchgear,” Energies, vol. 16, no. 5, Art. no. 2087, 2023, doi: 10.3390/en16052087.
F. Arrano-Vargas and G. Konstantinou, “Modular design and real-time simulators toward power system digital twins implementation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 52–61, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TII.2022.3178713.
W. Yang et al., “A combined deep learning load forecasting model of single household resident user considering multi-time scale electricity consumption behavior,” Appl. Energy, vol. 307, Art. no. 118197, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118197.
T. Sutikno, H. S. Purnama, A. Pamungkas, A. Fadlil, I. M. Alsofyani and M. H. Jopri, “Internet of things-based photovoltaics parameter monitoring system using NodeMCU ESP8266,” Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 5578–5587, 2021, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v11i6.pp5578-5587.
L. Tschora, E. Pierre, M. Plantevit, and C. Robardet, “Electricity price forecasting on the day-ahead market using machine learning,” Appl. Energy, vol. 313, Art. no. 118752, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118752.
W. Lin, J. Lin, Z. Peng, H. Huang, W. Lin, and K. Li, “A systematic review of green-aware management techniques for sustainable data center,” Sustain. Comput. Informat. Syst., vol. 42, Art. no. 100989, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.suscom.2024.100989.
M. A. B. Siddik, A. Shehabi, and L. Marston, “The environmental footprint of data centers in the United States,” Environ. Res. Lett., vol. 16, no. 6, Art. no. 064017, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/abfba1.
D. Mytton, “Data centre water consumption,” npj Clean Water, vol. 4, Art. no. 11, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41545-021-00101-w.
A. R. Abdullah, N. Norddin, N. Q. Zainal Abidin, A. Aman and M. H. Jopri, “Leakage current analysis on polymeric and non-polymeric insulating materials using time-frequency distribution,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Energy (PECon), 2012, pp. 979–984, doi: 10.1109/PECon.2012.6450360.
A. R. Abdullah, N. S. Ahmad, N. Bahari, M. Manap, A. Jidin and M. H. Jopri, “Short-circuit switches fault analysis of voltage source inverter using spectrogram,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Electr. Mach. Syst. (ICEMS), 2013, pp. 1808–1813, doi: 10.1109/ICEMS.2013.6713294.
M. Victoria, E. Zeyen, and T. Brown, “Speed of technological transformations required in Europe to achieve different climate goals,” Joule, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1066–1086, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2022.04.016.
D. Bogdanov et al., “Low-cost renewable electricity as the key driver of the global energy transition towards sustainability,” Energy, vol. 227, Art. no. 120467, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120467.
O. Gandhi, D. S. Kumar, C. D. Rodriguez-Gallegos, and D. Srinivasan, “Review of power system impacts at high PV penetration,” Sol. Energy, vol. 210, pp. 181–201, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2020.06.097.
G. Strbac et al., “Opportunities for energy storage: Assessing whole-system economic benefits of energy storage in future electricity systems,” IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 32–41, Sep./Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1109/MPE.2019.2920595.
[S. Koohi-Fayegh and M. A. Rosen, “A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 27, Art. no. 101047, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2019.101047.
X. Hu, L. Xu, X. Lin, S. Dong, and M. G. Pecht, “Battery lifetime prognostics,” Joule, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 310–346, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.11.018.
A. A. Kebede et al., “Techno-economic analysis of lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries in stationary energy storage application,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 40, Art. no. 102748, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2021.102748.
M. A. Hannan et al., “Battery energy-storage system: A review of technologies, optimization objectives, constraints, approaches, and outstanding issues,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 42, Art. no. 103023, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2021.103023.
G. Harper et al., “Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles,” Nature, vol. 575, no. 7781, pp. 75–86, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1682-5.
R. E. Ciez and J. F. Whitacre, “Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries,” Nat. Sustain., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 148–156, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41893-019-0222-5.
I. Staffell et al., “The role of hydrogen and fuel cells in the global energy system,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 463–491, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1039/C8EE01157E.
E. Masanet, A. Shehabi, N. Lei, S. Smith, and J. Koomey, “Recalibrating global data center energy-use estimates,” Science, vol. 367, no. 6481, pp. 984–986, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1126/science.aba3758.
D. Palit and A. Kumar, “Towards convergence of central grid and decentralised electricity solutions: Assessment of Indian rural electrification cases using a socio-technical framework,” Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 71, pp. 27–53, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2022.08.026.
I. Fuchs, S. Balderrama, S. Quoilin, P. Crespo del Granado, and J. Rajasekharan, “Swarm electrification: Harnessing surplus energy in off-grid solar home systems for universal electricity access,” Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 77, Art. no. 101342, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2023.101342.
Y. T. Wassie and E. O. Ahlgren, “Long-term optimal capacity expansion planning for an operating off-grid PV mini-grid in rural Africa under different demand evolution scenarios,” Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 76, Art. no. 101305, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2023.101305.
A. A. B. Baloch, T. Ahmed, and R. Kaloi, “A comprehensive review of hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrification,” Energy Rep., vol. 8, pp. 2616–2634, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.173.
A. Dahir, J. M. Bielicki, J. Jacquet, and H. T. K. Le, “Just transition to electric vehicles in disadvantaged communities: Integrating transportation, energy, environmental, and climate justice,” Energy Res. Soc. Sci., vol. 130, Art. no. 104449, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2025.104449.
F. Montana et al., “Assessing critical raw materials and their supply risk in energy technologies: A literature review,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 1, Art. no. 86, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.3390/en18010086.
R. Istrate et al., “Decarbonizing lithium-ion battery primary raw materials supply chain,” Joule, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 2992–3016, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2024.10.003.
A. Y. Ku et al., “Grand challenges in anticipating and responding to critical materials supply risks,” Joule, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1208–1223, May 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2024.03.001.
H. Dong, T. Zhang, Y. Geng, P. Wang, S. Zhang, and J. Sarkis, “Sub-technology market share strongly affects critical material constraints in power system transitions,” Nat. Commun., vol. 16, Art. no. 1255, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56592-5.
J. Wang, Y. Feng, and Y. He, “Insights for China from EU management of recycling end-of-life photovoltaic modules,” Sol. Energy, vol. 273, Art. no. 112532, May 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112532.
S. Vanderburgt, R. M. Santos, and Y. W. Chiang, “Is it worthwhile to recover lithium-ion battery electrolyte during lithium-ion battery recycling?” Resour. Conserv. Recycl., vol. 189, Art. no. 106733, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106733.
E. Yoo, U. Lee, J. C. Kelly, and M. Wang, “Life-cycle analysis of battery metal recycling with lithium recovery from a spent lithium-ion battery,” Resour. Conserv. Recycl., vol. 196, Art. no. 107040, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107040.
D. Weigl and D. Young, “Impact of automated battery sorting for mineral recovery from lithium-ion battery recycling in the United States,” Resour. Conserv. Recycl., vol. 192, Art. no. 106936, May 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.106936.
A. H. Azad, F. F. Nia, A. Anvari-Moghaddam, and D. Flynn, “Second-life applications for retired electric vehicle batteries: Challenges, opportunities, and future directions,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 151, Art. no. 120190, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2025.120190.
C. Hu, D. Li, W. Zhao, and H. Xi, “Deep reinforcement learning-based scheduling for integrated energy system utilizing retired electric vehicle battery energy storage,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 97, Art. no. 112774, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.112774.
W. Ajeeb, R. Costa Neto, and P. Baptista, “Life cycle assessment of green hydrogen production through electrolysis: A literature review,” Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess., vol. 69, Art. no. 103923, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2024.103923.
M. U. Hassan et al., “Recent progress of technologies for green hydrogen production via water electrolysis,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 80, pp. 1–24, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.07.094.
S. Peyghami, P. Palensky, and F. Blaabjerg, “An overview on the reliability of modern power electronic based power systems,” IEEE Open J. Power Electron., vol. 1, pp. 34–50, 2020, doi: 10.1109/OJPEL.2020.2974875.
N. A. Abidullah, A. R. Abdullah, N. H. Shamsudin, N. H. T. H. Ahmad and M. H. Jopri, “Real-time power quality signals monitoring system,” in Proc. IEEE Student Conf. Research Development (SCOReD), 2013, pp. 433–438, doi: 10.1109/SCOReD.2013.7002626.
I. Riepin and T. Brown, “On the means, costs, and system-level impacts of 24/7 carbon-free energy procurement,” Energy Strategy Rev., vol. 54, Art. no. 101488, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2024.101488.
M. H. Jopri, A. R. Abdullah, N. M. Kassim, M. Manap, N. A. Ngatiman and M. R. Yusoff, “Localization of multiple harmonic sources for inverter loads utilizing periodogram,” J. Telecommun. Electron. Comput. Eng., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 87–91, 2016.
M. H. Jopri, A. R. Abdullah, T. Sutikno, M. Manap, M. R. Ab Ghani and M. R. Yusoff, “A critical review of time-frequency distribution analysis for detection and classification of harmonic signal in power distribution system,” Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 4603–4618, 2018, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp4603-4618.
M. H. Jopri, A. R. Abdullah, T. Sutikno, M. Manap and M. R. Yusoff, “A utilisation of improved Gabor transform for harmonic signals detection and classification analysis,” Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 21–28, 2017, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v7i1.pp21-28.
M. H. Jopri, A. R. Abdullah, M. Manap, T. Sutikno and M. R. Ab Ghani, “An identification of multiple harmonic sources in a distribution system by using spectrogram,” Bull. Electr. Eng. Inform., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 244–256, 2018, doi: 10.11591/eei.v7i2.1188.
A. R. Abdullah, N. A. Abidullah, N. H. Shamsudin, N. H. H. Ahmad and M. H. Jopri, “Power quality signals classification system using time-frequency distribution,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vols. 494–495, pp. 1889–1894, 2014, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.494-495.1889.
M. H. Jopri, A. R. Abdullah, M. Manap, M. R. Yusoff, T. Sutikno and M. F. Habban, “An improved detection and classification technique of harmonic signals in power distribution by utilizing spectrogram,” Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 12–20, 2017, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v7i1.pp12-20.
N. H. T. H. Ahmad, A. R. Abdullah and M. H. Jopri, “Power quality signals detection using S-transform,” in Proc. IEEE 7th Int. Power Eng. Optim. Conf. (PEOCO), 2013, pp. 552–557, doi: 10.1109/PEOCO.2013.6564609.
N. A. Abidullah, A. R. Abdullah, A. Z. Sha’ameri, N. H. Shamsudin, N. H. H. Ahmad and M. H. Jopri, “Real-time power quality disturbances detection and classification system,” World Appl. Sci. J., vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1637–1651, 2014, doi: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.32.08.534.
A. R. Abdullah, G. Z. Peng, S. A. Ghani and M. H. Jopri, “A new vector draft method for harmonic source detection at point of common coupling,” in Proc. IEEE 8th Int. Power Eng. Optim. Conf. (PEOCO), 2014, pp. 110–114, doi: 10.1109/PEOCO.2014.6814409.
M. F. Habban, M. Manap, A. R. Abdullah, M. H. Jopri and T. Sutikno, “An evaluation of linear time frequency distribution analysis for VSI switch faults identification,” Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2017, doi: 10.11591/ijpeds.v8.i1.pp1-9.
M. Z. R. Z. Ahmadi, A. Jidin, K. B. Jaffar, M. N. Othman, R. N. P. Nagarajan and M. H. Jopri, “Minimization of torque ripple utilizing by 3-L CHMI in DTC,” in Proc. IEEE 7th Int. Power Eng. Optim. Conf. (PEOCO), 2013, pp. 636–640, doi: 10.1109/PEOCO.2013.6564625.
M. H. Jopri, M. R. Ab Ghani, A. R. Abdullah, M. Manap, T. Sutikno and J. Too, “K-nearest neighbor and naïve Bayes based diagnostic analytic of harmonic source identification,” Bull. Electr. Eng. Inform., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 2650–2657, 2020, doi: 10.11591/eei.v9i6.2685.
N. H. T. Ahmad, A. R. Abdullah, N. A. Abidullah and M. H. Jopri, “Analysis of power quality disturbances using spectrogram and S-transform,” Int. Rev. Electr. Eng., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 611–619, 2014.
M. H. Jopri, N. A. Abidullah, G. Z. Peng and A. R. Abdullah, “A new two points method for identify dominant harmonic disturbance using frequency and phase spectrogram,” Int. Rev. Electr. Eng., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 453–459, 2014.
M. Manap, S. Nikolovski, A. Skamyin, R. Karim, T. Sutikno and M. H. Jopri, “An analysis of voltage source inverter switches fault classification using short-time Fourier transform,” Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 2209–2220, 2021, doi: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4.pp2209-2220.
M. Manap, M. H. Jopri, A. R. Abdullah, R. Karim, M. R. Yusoff and A. H. Azahar, “A verification of periodogram technique for harmonic source diagnostic analytic by using logistic regression,” TELKOMNIKA (Telecommun. Comput. Electron. Control), vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 497–507, 2019, doi: 10.12928/telkomnika.v17i1.10390.
L. R. L. V. Raj, A. Jidin, K. A. Karim, T. Sutikno, R. Sundram and M. H. Jopri, “Improved torque control performance of direct torque control for 5-phase induction machine,” Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 391–399, 2013, doi: 10.11591/ijpeds.v3i4.5249.
L. R. L. V. Raj, A. Jidin, Z. Ibrahim, K. A. Karim, M. A. Said and M. H. Jopri, “Optimal torque control performance of DTC of 5-phase induction machine,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Electr. Mach. Syst. (ICEMS), 2013, pp. 2094–2099, doi: 10.1109/ICEMS.2013.6713180.
R. Nair, A. Jidin, M. N. Othman, M. H. Jopri and M. Manap, “Comparison performance of 3-level and 5-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter of DTC of induction machine,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Electr. Mach. Syst. (ICEMS), 2013, pp. 2100–2104, doi: 10.1109/ICEMS.2013.6713181.
Y. Shklyarskiy, I. Andreeva, T. Sutikno and M. H. Jopri, “Energy management in hybrid complexes based on wind generation and hydrogen storage,” Bull. Electr. Eng. Inform., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1483–1494, 2024, doi: 10.11591/eei.v13i3.6757.
J. Wang, S. Zheng, W. Liu, L. Chen, Z. Wen, and X. Li, “Prediction, evaluation and optimization of China’s copper resource supply system under carbon constraints,” Sustain. Prod. Consum., vol. 39, pp. 285–300, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.spc.2023.05.021.
V. Lundaev, A. A. Solomon, T. Le, A. Lohrmann, and C. Breyer, “Review of critical materials for the energy transition, an analysis of global resources and production databases and the state of material circularity,” Miner. Eng., vol. 203, Art. no. 108282, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108282.
M. Frenzel, M. P. Ketris, T. Seifert, and J. Gutzmer, “On the current and future availability of gallium,” Resour. Policy, vol. 47, pp. 38–50, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2015.11.005.
V. Flexer, C. F. Baspineiro, and C. I. Galli, “Lithium recovery from brines: A vital raw material for green energies with a potential environmental impact in its mining and processing,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 639, pp. 1188–1204, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.223.
R. Saidur, S. Mekhilef, M. B. Ali, A. Safari, and H. A. Mohammed, “Applications of variable speed drive in electrical motors energy savings,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 543–550, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.020.
J. Millán, P. Godignon, X. Perpiñà, A. Pérez-Tomás, and J. Rebollo, “A survey of wide bandgap power semiconductor devices,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 2155–2163, May 2014, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2268900.
R. Yakimova, M. Syväjärvi, T. Iakimov, H. Jacobsson, A. Kakanakova-Georgieva, P. Råback, and E. Janzén, “Growth of silicon carbide: Process-related defects,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 184, nos. 1–4, pp. 27–36, Dec. 2001, doi: 10.1016/S0169-4332(01)00472-X.
T. Dragičević, X. Lu, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero, “DC microgrids: Part I: A review of control strategies and stabilization techniques,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 4876–4891, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2478859.
X. She, A. Q. Huang, and R. Burgos, “Review of solid-state transformer technologies and their application in power distribution systems,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 186–198, Sep. 2013, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2013.2277917.
R. H. Kumar, A. Iqbal, and N. C. Lenin, “Review of recent advancements of direct torque control in induction motor drives: A decade of progress,” IET Power Electron., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–15, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2017.0252.
J. Rodríguez, J.-S. Lai, and F. Z. Peng, “Multilevel inverters: A survey of topologies, controls, and applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 724–738, Aug. 2002, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2002.801052.
T. N. S. Tengku Zawawi, A. R. Abdullah, M. H. Jopri, T. Sutikno, N. M. Saad and R. Sudirman, “A review of electromyography signal analysis techniques for musculoskeletal disorders,” Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1136–1146, 2018, doi: 10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i3.pp1136-1146.
N. H. Ali, A. R. Abdullah, N. M. Saad, A. S. Muda, T. Sutikno and M. H. Jopri, “Brain stroke computed tomography images analysis using image processing: A review,” IAES Int. J. Artif. Intell., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1048–1059, 2021, doi: 10.11591/ijai.v10.i4.pp1048-1059.