The Dimensions and Significance of the Symbolism of Umayyad Architecture in the Mashriq
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References
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Al-Maliki, *Marafiq al-Hajj wa al-Khadamat al-Madaniyya*, p. 63.
91 Azab, *Turath al-Imara al-Islamiyya*, p. 73; Al-Maqrizi, *Kitab al-Mawa’iz bi-Dhikr al-Khitat wa al-Athar*, Vol. 2, p. 246.
92 Ibn Duqmaq, *Al-Intisar li-Wasitat ‘Aqd al-Amsar*, Vol. 4, pp. 61–62; ‘Abdah, *Al-Umawiyyun*, p. 208; Al-Maqrizi, *Khitat*, Vol. 2, p. 246; Fikri, *Al-Madkhal ila Masajid al-Qahira wa Madarisiha*, p. 67; Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam, *Futuh Misr wa Akhbaruha*, p. 92; Al-Suyuti, *Husn al-Muhadara*, Vol. 1, p. 132; Fikri, *Al-Madkhal*, p. 67.
93 Al-Ya‘qubi, *Kitab al-Buldan*, p. 91; Shafi‘i, *Al-Imara al-‘Arabiyya fi Misr al-Islamiyya*, p. 362; ‘Abdah, *Al-Umawiyyun*, p. 208; Ibn Duqmaq, *Al-Intisar li-Wasitat ‘Aqd al-Amsar*, Vol. 4, p. 62; Al-Maqrizi, *Khitat*, Vol. 2, p. 247; Yaqut al-Hamawi, *Mu‘jam al-Buldan*, Vol. 4, p. 265; Fikri, *Al-Madkhal*, p. 68.
94 Shafi‘i, *Al-Imara al-‘Arabiyya fi Misr al-Islamiyya*, p. 363; Al-Basha, *Al-Qahira: Tarikhuha, Fununuha, Atharuha*, p. 406; Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam, *Futuh Misr*, p. 131. Al-Qalqashandi, *Subh al-A‘sha*, Vol. 3, p. 341; Al-Suyuti, *Husn al-Muhadara*, Vol. 1, p. 133.
95 Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam, *Futuh Misr*, p. 131; Al-Qalqashandi, *Subh al-A‘sha*, Vol. 3, p. 341; Al-Suyuti, *Husn al-Muhadara*, Vol. 1, p. 133;
96 Al-Maqrizi, *Khitat*, Vol. 2, pp. 247–248; Al-Basha, *Cairo: Its History, Arts, and Monuments*, pp. 407–408; ‘Abd al-Wahhab, *History of Historic Mosques*, Vol. 1, p. 24; Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam, *Futuh Misr*, pp. 131–132; Ibn Duqmaq, *Al-Intisar li-Wasitat ‘Aqd al-Amsar*, Vol. 1, pp. 63–68; Al-Shafi‘i, *Arab Architecture in Islamic Egypt*, p. 365; Creswell, *Islamic Monuments*, p. 29; Al-Kindi, *Kitab al-Wulat wa-Kitab al-Qudat*, p. 49; Ibn Sa‘d, *Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra*, Vol. 5, p. 236; Ibn Khaldun, *Al-Muqaddima*, p. 269; Al-Suyuti, *Husn al-Muhadara*, Vol. 2, p. 9; Ibn Duqmaq, *Al-Intisar li-Wasitat ‘Aqd al-Amsar*, Vol. 1, p. 63.
97 Al-Kindi, *Kitab al-Wulat wa-Kitab al-Qudat*, pp. 51–57; Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam, *Futuh Misr wa-Akhbaruha*, pp. 131–134.
98 Al-Kindi, *Kitab al-Wulat wa-Kitab al-Qudat*, p. 93; Yaqut al-Hamawi, *Mu‘jam al-Buldan*, Vol. 4, p. 265; Fikri, *Al-Madkhal*, p. 69; Al-Alfi, *Islamic Art: Its Origins*, p. 144; Ibn Duqmaq, *Al-Intisar li-Wasitat 'Aqd al-Amsar*, Vol. 4, p. 65; al-Qalqashandi, *Subh al-A'sha*, Vol. 3, p. 342; al-Maqrizi, *al-Khitat*, Vol. 3, p. 249.
Ibn Kathir, *al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya*, Vol. 9, p. 177; Ibn al-Athir, *al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh*, Vol. 4, p. 138.
Al-Kindi, *Kitab al-Wulat wa-Kitab al-Qudat*, pp. 70–75; Ibn Kathir, *al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya*, Vol. 9, p. 232.
93 Al-Kindi, *Kitab al-Wulat wa Kitab al-Qudat* [Book of Governors and Book of Judges], p. 75; Ibn Taghri Birdi, *Al-Nujum al-Zahira*, Vol. 1, p. 263.
94 Abda, *Al-Umawiyyun* [The Umayyads], p. 179.
95 Al-Janabi, *Masjid al-Kufa* [The Mosque of Kufa], p. 33.
96 Al-Janabi, *Masjid al-Kufa*, pp. 37–39; Al-Hamadhani, *Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan* [Abridgment of the Book of Lands], p. 210.
97 *Mu'jam al-Buldan* [Dictionary of Countries], Vol. 7, p. 297.
98 Ibn Sa'd, *Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra*, 7/99; Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, *Al-Isti'ab fi Ma'rifat al-Ashab*, Vol. 2, p. 523; Ibn al-Athir, *Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh*, Vol. 2, p. 226; Isa Salman et al., *Al-Imarat al-Arabiyya al-Islamiyya fi al-Iraq* [Arab-Islamic Architecture in Iraq], Vol. 1, p. 59; Abda, *Al-Umawiyyun*, p. 179.
99 Isa Salman et al., *Al-Imarat al-Arabiyya al-Islamiyya fi al-Iraq*, Vol. 1, p. 59; Abda, *Al-Umawiyyun*, p. 179; Al-Baladhuri, *Futuh al-Buldan*, pp. 272–276; Al-Tabari, *Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk*, Vol. 5, pp. 234–236; Yaqut al-Hamawi, *Mu'jam al-Buldan*, Vol. 4, p. 491; Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari, *Al-Ma'arif*, p. 346; Ibn Jubayr, *Rihlat Ibn Jubayr*, p. 153.
100 Shiha, *Madkhal ila al-Imara wa al-Funun al-Islamiyya fi al-Jumhuriyya al-Yamaniyya* [Introduction to Islamic Architecture and Arts in the Republic of Yemen], pp. 29–30; Al-Razi, *Tarikh Madinat San'a'* [History of the City of Sana'a], p. 127; Al-Maruni, *Al-Wajiz fi Tarikh Binayat Masajid San'a' al-Qadim wa al-Hadith* [A Summary of the History of Mosque Construction in Old and New Sana'a], p. 9. Najib, *History of Famous Mosques*, p. 198.
101 Shiha, *Introduction to Islamic Architecture and Arts in the Republic of Yemen*, pp. 29–30; Al-Razi, *History of the City of Sana'a*, p. 127.
Al-Maruni, *A Concise Account of the History of Mosque Construction in Old and Modern Sana'a*, p. 9. 102
103 Al-Razi, *History of the City of Sana'a*, pp. 128–133; Shiha, *Introduction*, pp. 29–30; Al-Maruni, *A Concise Account*, pp. 9–11; Abda, *The Umayyads*, p. 96; Najib, *History of Famous Mosques*, p. 199.
Abda, *The Umayyads*, p. 98; Najib, *History of Famous Mosques*, p. 199; Shiha, *Introduction*, p. 30. 104
Al-Razi, *History of the City of Sana'a*, p. 137. 105
106 Hasan, *Arts of Islam*, p. 39; Sameh, *Architecture in Early Islam*, p. 24; Al-Arif, *A Detailed History of Jerusalem*, p. 107; Al-Nasuli, *The Umayyad State in the Levant*, p. 181; Nu'ayrat, *Characteristics of Islamic Architecture and Ornamentation in Jerusalem*, p. 13; Al-Baladhuri, *Futuh al-Buldan* [Conquests of the Lands], p. 142; Al-Ya'qubi, *Kitab al-Buldan* [Book of Lands], p. 90; Ibn Khayyat, *History of Khalifa*, Vol. 1, p. 125.
107 *Futuh al-Buldan*, pp. 138–139; Al-Maqdisi, *Al-Bad' wa-al-Tarikh* [The Beginning and History], Vol. 5, p. 155; Al-Asali, *Jerusalem in History*, p. 151; Nu'ayrat, *Characteristics of Architecture*, pp. 13–14. Al-Shammari, Mosques of the Levant during the First Century AH, p. 311.
108 Al-Ya'qubi, Book of Countries, p. 90; Al-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings, vol. 2, p. 15; Al-Mutahhar Al-Maqdisi, The Beginning and History, vol. 4, p. 87; Abu 'Arafa, Jerusalem: A New Formation of the City, p. 25; Al-Waqidi, The Conquest of the Levant, p. 378; Al-Ghurairi, The Dome of the Rock in the Umayyad Era, p. 313; Al-'Arif, The Detailed History of Jerusalem, p. 107.
Shabir, Jerusalem and its Surroundings, p. 62; Ibn Kathir, The Beginning and the End, vol. 8, p. 284.
109 Ibn Batriq, History, vol. 2, p. 42.
110 Abu Al-Fida, The Concise History of Mankind, vol. 1, p. 277; Al-Qarmani, History of the Dynasties and Traces of the Ancients in History, p. 137; Ibn Al-'Ibri, A Concise History of the Dynasties, p. 113. Al-Asali, Jerusalem in History, p. 151.112
Mahmoud, The History of Jerusalem and the Relationship Between Muslims and Christians Therein, pp. 102-105.113
Al-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings, Vol. 3, p. 508.114
Al-Maqdisi, The Best Divisions, p. 159.115
Al-Alimi, The Sublime Companion, Vol. 1, p. 272
Muhammad Kurd Ali, *Khitat al-Sham*, Vol. 5, p. 249.
*Al-Uns al-Jalil*, Vol. 1, pp. 272–273; Al-A‘zami, *Tarikh Madinat al-Quds*, pp. 100, 116.
Al-‘Ulaymi, *Al-Uns al-Jalil*, Vol. 1, p. 273.
Al-Suyuti, *Ithaf al-Akhissa*, Vol. 1, p. 242; Al-‘Ulaymi, *Al-Uns al-Jalil*, Vol. 1, p. 273.
Al-‘Ulaymi, *Al-Uns al-Jalil*, Vol. 1, p. 273; Al-Suyuti, *Ithaf al-Akhissa*, Vol. 2, p. 203; Al-Ya‘qubi, *Tarikh al-Ya‘qubi*, Vol. 2, p. 261; Al-Muqaddasi, *Ahsan al-Taqasim*, p. 159; ‘Abdah, *Al-Umawiyyun*, p. 54.
119 Al-Muqaddasi, *Ahsan al-Taqasim*, p. 160; Al-Tall, *Usul al-Mukhattat*, p. 126; Creswell, *Al-Athar al-Islamiyyah*, pp. 34–35; Al-Ya‘qubi, *Tarikh al-Ya‘qubi*, Vol. 2, p. 311; Al-Muqaddasi, *Ahsan al-Taqasim*, p. 169; Nasir Khusraw, *Safarnama*, p. 65; Ibn al-Faqih, *Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan*, pp. 100–101; Yaqut al-Hamawi, *Mu‘jam al-Buldan*, Vol. 5, p. 168.
120 Ibn Battuta, *Rihlat Ibn Battuta*, p. 205; Al-Tall, *Usul al-Mukhattat*, p. 126; Creswell, *Al-Athar al-Islamiyyah*, pp. 34–35; ‘Abdah, *Al-Umawiyyun*, p. 54; Ibn al-Furkah, *Ba‘ith al-Nufus*, p. 21.
Hasan, *Funun al-Islam*, Vol. 3, pp. 36–37; Creswell, *Islamic Architecture*, 35–36, 121.
123 Al-Tall, *Origins of the Plan*, p. 126; Creswell, *Islamic Architecture*, pp. 36–55; Abu ‘Aliyah, *Jerusalem: A Historical Study*, p. 70; Ibn Faqih, *Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan* [Abridgment of the Book of Lands], p. 101; ‘Abdah, *The Umayyads*, pp. 55–56; Al-Haddad, *Al-Mujmal*, p. 490; Al-‘Ulaymi, *Al-Uns al-Jalil*, Vol. 1, p. 273.
124 *Al-Aqsa*, p. 227; Al-Waqidi, *Futuh al-Sham* [Conquests of the Levant], Vol. 1, p. 235; Waziri, *Encyclopedia of Islamic Architectural Elements*, Vol. 2, p. 11; Al-‘Ulaymi, *Al-Uns al-Jalil*, Vol. 2, p. 18; ‘Ukashah, *Arab Religious Islamic Painting*, p. 154; Bin Nayif, *Introduction to Islamic Art Series*, p. 29; Al-Tall, *Origins of the Plan*, p. 126; Creswell, *Islamic Architecture*, pp. 36–55; Al-Muqaddasi, *Ahsan al-Taqasim* [The Best of Divisions], pp. 169–171; ‘Abdah, *The Umayyads*, p. 65; Al-Haddad, *Al-Mujmal*, p. 491; Al-Makki, *Al-Tarikh al-Qawim li-Makkah wa-Bayt Allah al-Karim* [The Accurate History of Mecca and the Noble House of God], Vol. 6, p. 379; Al-‘Ulaymi, *Al-Uns al-Jalil*, Vol. 2, p. 18; Al-‘Umari, *Masalik al-Absar*, Vol. 2, p. 143.
126 Samih, *Islamic Architecture in Early Islam*, pp. 11–20; Al-Basyuni, *The Dome of the Rock: A Jewel of Islamic Architecture*, pp. 46–49; Al-‘Arif, *History of the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque*, pp. 127–140. Al-Tall, *Origins of the Plan*, pp. 128–129.
127 Al-Tall, *Origins of the Plan*, p. 123; Creswell, *Islamic Architecture*, pp. 55–75; Al-Tall, *The Plan*, pp. 135–139; Al-‘Ulaymi, *Al-Uns al-Jalil*, Vol. 1, p. 273; Al-A‘zami, *History of the City of Jerusalem*, p. 101; Al-Ghurayri, *The Noble Dome of the Rock*, p. 322; Sharab, *Encyclopedia of Jerusalem*, p. 227; ‘Umar, *Introduction to the Study of the Blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque*, p. 109; Ibn Batriq, *History*, Vol. 2, p. 42.
Al-Tall, *The Plan*, pp. 135–139; Al-‘Ulaymi, *Al-Uns al-Jalil*, Vol. 1, p. 273; Al-A‘zami, *History of the City of Jerusalem*, p. 101; Al-Ghurayri, *The Noble Dome of the Rock*, p. 322; Sharab, *Encyclopedia of Jerusalem*, p. 227; ‘Umar, *Introduction to the Study of the Blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque*, p. 109; Ibn Batriq, *History*, Vol. 2, p. 42; Al-‘Umari, *Masalik al-Absar*, Vol. 1, p. 180; Ibn Wasil, *Mufarrij al-Kurub fi Akhbar Bani Ayyub*, Vol. 2, p. 222.
Al-Maqdisi, *Ahsan al-Taqasim*, p. 168; Ibn Kathir, *Al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya*, Vol. 9, p. 191. 128
Al-‘Arif, *Comprehensive History of Jerusalem*, p. 116; Al-‘Asali, *Jerusalem in History*, 13612.
Al-‘Ulaymi, *Al-Uns al-Jalil*, Vol. 1, p. 282.
129 Yusuf, *Introduction*, pp. 34–35; Kharbutli, Shukran et al., *Arab-Islamic Civilization*, p. 42; Al-Ulaymi, *Al-Uns al-Jalil*, Vol. 2, pp. 281–283; Abu al-Aliyah, *Jerusalem: A Historical Study of Al-Aqsa Mosque and Al-Quds Al-Sharif*, p. 82.
130 *Islamic Civilization*, p. 55; Al-Nu‘aymi, *Al-Daris fi Tarikh al-Madaris*, Vol. 2, p. 294; Al-‘Umari, *Masalik al-Absar*, Vol. 1, p. 240; Ibn Badran, *Tahdhib Tarikh Dimashq* (by Ibn ‘Asakir), Vol. 1, p. 48; Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani, *Lisan al-Mizan*, Vol. 1, p. 122; Ibn ‘Asakir, *Tarikh Dimashq*, Vol. 65, pp. 54–62; Al-Dhahabi, *Tarikh al-Islam*, Vol. 3, p. 752; Al-‘Umari, *Masalik al-Absar*, Vol. 1, pp. 241–242.
Al-Sawwaf, *The Great Umayyad Mosque in Damascus*, Vol. 1, p. 122. 131
Al-Nu‘aymi, *Al-Daris fi Tarikh al-Madaris*, Vol. 2, p. 294. 132
133 Al-Baladhuri, *Futuh al-Buldan*, pp. 126–127; Al-Rihawi, *Architecture in Islamic Civilization*, p. 54; Ibn Badran, *Tahdhib Tarikh Dimashq* (by Ibn ‘Asakir), Vol. 1, p. 200.
131 Al-‘Umari, *Masalik al-Absar*, Vol. 1, p. 240; Ibn Badran, *Tahdhib Tarikh Dimashq* (by Ibn ‘Asakir), Vol. 1, p. 48.
Vol. 1, pp. 200–201; Khammash, *Dirasat* [Studies], p. 27; Al-Mas‘udi, *Muruj al-Dhahab*, Vol. 3, p. 112; Creswell, *Islamic Architecture*, pp. 95–96.
132 Ibn ‘Asākir, *Tārīkh Dimashq* [History of Damascus], Vol. 1, p. 211; Kāshif, *al-Walīd ibn ‘Abd al-Malik*, pp. 199–200; Ibn Badrān, *Tahdhīb Tārīkh Dimashq* [Abridgment of the History of Damascus], Vol. 1, pp. 211–212; Ibn Shaddād, *al-A‘lāq al-Khaṭīrah*, Vol. 1, pp. 62–63; Ibn Khallikān, *Wafayāt al-A‘yān* [Biographical Dictionary], Vol. 2, p. 228.
133 Al-Balādhurī, *Futūḥ al-Buldān* [Conquest of Lands], p. 247; Ibn Khaldūn, *Kitāb al-‘Ibar*, Vol. 1, p. 188; al-Samhūdī, *Wafā’ al-Wafā bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā*, Vol. 1, pp. 332–362; al-Maqrīzī, *Khiṭaṭ al-Maqrīzī*, Vol. 2, p. 250; Ibn al-Athīr, *al-Kāmil*, Vol. 3, p. 127; Ibn Khaldūn, *Kitāb al-‘Ibar*, Vol. 1, p. 188; al-Maqrīzī, *Kitāb al-Mawā‘iẓ bi-Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-Āthār*, Vol. 1, pp. 332–362; al-Maqrīzī, *Kitāb al-Mawā‘iẓ bi-Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-Āthār*, Vol. 2, p. 250; Kurd ‘Alī, *Khiṭaṭ al-Shām*, Vol. 1, p. 111; Farrukh, *Tārīkh Ṣadr al-Islām wa-al-Dawlah al-Umawiyyah* [History of Early Islam and the Umayyad State], p. 162.
Al-Mas‘ūdī, *Murūj al-Dhahab* [Meadows of Gold], Vol. 3, p. 112; Creswell, *Islamic Architecture*, pp. 95–96. 134
Bahnasī, *al-Jāmi‘ al-Umawī al-Kabīr* [The Great Umayyad Mosque], p. 30; Kühnel, *Islamic Art in the Umayyad Era*, p. 25; Bahnasī, *al-Shām: Ḥaḍārah wa-Aṣālah* [The Levant: Civilization and Authenticity], p. 147; Abū al-Fidā’, *al-Mukhtaṣar fī Akhbār al-Bashar*, Vol. 1, p. 22; Ibn Nāyif, *Silsilat al-Ta‘rīf bi-al-Fann al-Islāmī* [Series on Introducing Islamic Art], p. 33; Al-Homsi, *Masterpieces of Arab Architecture*, p. 17; Ibn A‘tham al-Kufi, *Al-Futuh*, Vol. 1, pp. 127–128; Ibn Badran, *Tahdhib Tarikh Dimashq al-Kabir* [Abridgment of Ibn ‘Asakir’s *History of Damascus*], Vol. 1, p. 200; Al-Sarraj, *Islamic Architecture: Characteristics and Monuments*, p. 81.
Bin Nayef, *Introduction to Islamic Art Series*, p. 33.
Ibn ‘Asākir, *Tārīkh Dimashq*, Vol. 2, p. 282; al-Qazwīnī, *Āthār al-Bilād wa-Akhbār al-‘Ibād*, p. 189; al-Idrīsī, *Nuzhat al-Mushtāq fī Ikhtirāq al-Āfāq*, Vol. 1, p. 316; al-Muqaddasī, *Aḥsan al-Taqāsīm*, pp. 156–158; Ibn Badrān, *Tahdhīb Tārīkh Dimashq al-Kabīr*, Vol. 1, p. 203.
Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, *Mu‘jam al-Buldān*, Vol. 2, pp. 590–595.
Al-Muqaddasī, *Aḥsan al-Taqāsīm fī Ma‘rifat al-Aqālīm*, p. 157; al-Idrīsī, *Nuzhat al-Mushtāq fī Ikhtirāq al-Āfāq*, Vol. 1, p. 375; ‘Abd al-Ḥāfiẓ, *al-Āthār wa-al-Funūn al-Islāmiyyah*, p. 94; Yāqūt, *Mu‘jam al-Buldān*, Vol. 2, p. 465.
Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, *Mu‘jam al-Buldān*, Vol. 2, pp. 590–595.
‘Ukāshah, *al-Qiyam al-Jamāliyyah*, p. 110; Ibn Jubayr, *Riḥlat Ibn Jubayr*, p. 185; Abū al-Fidā’, *al-Mukhtaṣar fī Akhbār al-Bashar*, Vol. 1, pp. 25–26; ‘Afīf Bahnasī, *al-Shām: al-Ḥaḍārah*, p. 147.
Ibn Badrān, *Tahdhīb Tārīkh Dimashq al-Kabīr*, Vol. 1, p. 203.
Al-Rīḥāwī, *al-‘Imārah al-‘Arabiyyah al-Islāmiyyah*, pp. 51–52.
Abū al-Fidā’, *al-Mukhtaṣar fī Akhbār al-Bashar*, Vol. 1, p. 25; al-Ḥimṣī, *Rawā’i‘ al-‘Imārah al-‘Arabiyyah al-Islāmiyyah fī Sūriyā*, p. 20; al-Rīḥāwī, *al-‘Imārah al-‘Arabiyyah al-Islāmiyyah*, p. 138. Al-Homsi, *Masterpieces of Arab-Islamic Architecture*, p. 64.
Ibn Jubayr, *The Travels of Ibn Jubayr*, p. 214.
*Arab-Islamic [Architecture] in Syria*, pp. 20–21; Al-Rihawi, *Arab-Islamic Architecture*, pp. 51–52; Okasha, *Aesthetic Values*, p. 110; Al-Istakhri, *Routes and Realms*, pp. 45–46.
*Arab-Islamic Architecture*, pp. 56–60; Nuwaysir, *Islamic Monuments*, p. 126; Ibn Battuta, *The Travels of Ibn Battuta*, p. 68; Al-Muqaddasi, *The Best Classification*, pp. 140–141.
Abu al-Fida, *The Concise History of Humanity*, Vol. 1, p. 25; Al-Istakhri, *Routes and Realms*, pp. 45–46; Al-Muqaddasi, *The Best Classification*, p. 159.
Al-Mas'udi, *Meadows of Gold*, Vol. 3, p. 112; Creswell, *Islamic Monuments*, pp. 95–96.
Ibn Asakir, *Epitome of the History of Damascus*, Vol. 1, p. 203; Ibn Khaldun, *The Muqaddimah*, p. 326; Al-Qarmani, *Chronicles of Dynasties and Relics of the Ancients*, p. 137.
Ibn Battuta, *The Travels of Ibn Battuta*, Vol. 1, pp. 311–312