The Concept of “Takalluf” among Scholars of Qurʾānic Readings An Applied Study
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Abstract
This study examines the concept of takalluf by defining it linguistically and in Sharʿī terminology, and by analyzing its classifications and applications among Qurʾān reciters and scholars of qirāʾāt. It highlights areas where certain scholars engaged in takalluf, the responses of leading imams to these practices, and the resulting implications for the discipline of Qurʾānic readings. The research employs descriptive–inductive and applied methodologies.
The findings indicate that the term takalluf was used inconsistently: at times in its general linguistic sense, and at other times in its more precise juristic usage. Through inductive analysis, the study identifies two main types of takalluf: praiseworthy, referring to the diligence and endurance required of students in acquiring qirāʾāt; and blameworthy, referring to unnecessary or excessive practices. The latter includes exaggeration in transmission and instruction (iqrāʾ), reciting in unauthenticated Arabic dialects, strained justifications of Qurʾānic orthography, unjustified weakening of established readings, employing anomalous readings (qirāʾāt shādhdhah) to support invalid interpretations, and artificial phonetic explanations of canonical recitations.
The study recommends further examination of technical terms used by qirāʾāt scholars—such as taʿassuf and ʿaṭf—alongside a more comprehensive treatment of takalluf, particularly in the field of tawjīh al-qirāʾāt. It also calls for research into the phenomena of laxity and extremism in transmission, their causes, and their broader effects on Qurʾānic studies.․․.
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