Advances in Photocatalytic Materials for Environmental Clean-up: A Review of Recent Developments

Abstract

Photocatalytic materials have emerged as pivotal components in the quest for sustainable environmental remediation strategies. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the recent advances in photocatalytic materials and their applications in environmental clean-up. We begin by discussing the fundamental principles underlying photocatalytic processes, including the mechanisms of pollutant degradation under light irradiation. Subsequently, we explore various materials used in photocatalysis, such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and newly developed composite materials that exhibit enhanced absorption properties and stability under solar irradiation. The synthesis methods and modifications that improve photocatalytic efficiency, such as doping with metals and non-metals, coupling with other semiconductors, and the creation of heterojunctions, are detailed. Furthermore, we assess the real-world applications of these materials in treating water and air pollutants, highlighting key case studies and pilot projects. Challenges such as catalyst recovery, long-term stability, and scaling up for industrial applications are discussed. The review concludes with future perspectives on the development of cost-effective, efficient, and durable photocatalytic materials, aiming to foster further research in this field to meet the escalating demands of environmental sustainability. This study underscores the significant role of photocatalysis in addressing global environmental challenges, paving the way for the next generation of eco-friendly and energy-efficient solutions.