Legal Framework for Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) of Traditional Knowledge Associated with Biological Resources in India: Challenges, Biopiracy and Sustainable Development Perspectives
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Abstract
Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) is a legal mechanism aimed at ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of biological resources and traditional knowledge. Indigenous and local communities have preserved biodiversity and traditional medicinal knowledge for generations, but commercialization of these resources has often led to exploitation and biopiracy. International instruments such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol recognize sovereign rights over biological resources and emphasize Prior Informed Consent (PIC) and equitable benefit sharing.
This paper critically examines the Indian legal framework governing ABS and protection of traditional knowledge associated with biological resources. It analyzes important legislations including the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001, and relevant provisions of the Patent Act, 1970. The study also discusses major biopiracy cases such as Neem, Turmeric, and Basmati, along with ABS models like the Jeevani case. The paper highlights challenges relating to implementation, participation of indigenous communities, intellectual property rights, and biodiversity conservation. It concludes with suggestions for strengthening community participation, preventing biopiracy, and ensuring sustainable development through effective ABS mechanisms.
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